本书介绍了应用 AutoCAD 2012 中文版进行机械设计的方法、设计思 想和使用技巧。本书共分 11 章，内容包括 AutoCAD 2012 基础知识、绘制 二维基本图形、编辑修改图形、尺寸标注基础、AutoCAD 中的实用辅助工 具/功能、工程制图的准备工作与设置、典型机械零件设计、装配图设计、 绘制零件的轴测图、三维设计基础和机械零件的三维建模实例等。本书所 配光盘包含实例的源文件及有参考价值的操作视频，便于读者学习。 本书结构清晰、实用性强，是从事机械设计、工程制图等工作的专业 技术人员的理想参考书，同时，也是 AutoCAD 初学者入门和提高的学习宝 典。本书也可作为各类教育、培训机构的专业 CAD 参考用书。 图书在版编目（CIP）数据 AutoCAD 2012 中文版机械设计基础与实战 / 钟日铭等编著.—4 版.—北 京：机械工业出版社，2011.8（2013.1重印） （CAD/CAM/CAE 工程应用丛书·AutoCAD 系列） ISBN 978-7-111-35382-9 Ⅰ.① A… Ⅱ.① 钟… Ⅲ.① 机械设计—AutoCAD 软件 Ⅳ.① TH122 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2011）第 143602 号 机械工业出版社 （北京市百万庄大街 22 号 邮政编码 100037） 策划编辑：丁 诚 张淑谦 责任编辑：张淑谦 责任印制：乔 宇 印刷（ 装订） 2013 年 1 月第 4 版·第 2 次印刷 184mm×260mm·21 印张·518 千字 4001―5500 册 标准书号：ISBN 978-7-111-35382-9 ISBN 978-7-89433-074-1（光盘） 出 版 说 明 随着信息技术在各领域的迅速渗透，CAD/CAM/CAE 技术已经得到了广泛的应用，从根 本上改变了传统的设计、生产、组织模式，对推动现有企业的技术改造、带动整个产业结构 的变革、发展新兴技术、促进经济增长都具有十分重要的意义。 CAD 在机械制造行业的应用最早，使用也最为广泛。目前其最主要的应用涉及机械、 电子、建筑等工程领域。世界各大航空、航天及汽车等制造业巨头不但广泛采用 CAD/CAM/ CAE 技术进行产品设计，而且投入大量的人力、物力及资金进行 CAD/CAM/CAE 软件的开 发，以保持自己技术上的领先地位和国际市场上的优势。CAD 在工程中的应用，不但可以 提高设计质量。缩短工程周期，还可以节约大量建设。 各行各业的工程技术人员也逐步认识到 CAD/CAM/CAE 技术在现代工程中的重要性， 掌握其中的一种或几种软件的使用方法和技巧，已成为他们在竞争日益激烈的市场经济形势 下生存和发展的必备技能之一。然而，仅仅知道简单的软件操作方法是远远不够的，只有将 计算机技术和工程实际结合起来，才能真正达到通过现代的技术手段提高工程效益的目的。 基于这一考虑，机械工业出版社特别推出了这套主要面向相关行业工程技术人员的 “CAD/CAM/CAE 工程应用丛书”。本丛书涉及 AutoCAD、Pro/ENGINEER、UG、 SolidWorks、Mastercam、ANSYS 等软件在机械设计、性能分析、制造技术方面的应用和 AutoCAD、天正建筑 CAD 软件在建筑及室内配景图、建筑施工图、室内装潢图、水暖施工 图、空调布线图、电路布线图以及建筑总图绘制等方面的应用。 本套丛书立足于基本概念和操作，配以大量具有代表性的实例，并融入了作者丰富的实 践经验。本套丛书具有专业性强、操作性强、指导性强的特点，是一套真正具有实用价值的 书籍。 机械工业出版社 IV 前 言 计算机的广泛应用促进了计算机图形学的发展，而以计算机绘图为基础的计算机辅助 设计技术的发展，更是推动了各个领域的设计革命。AutoCAD 是一款专门用于计算机辅助 绘图设计的软件，它广泛地应用在机械设计、建筑设计、电气设计、服装设计以及影视制 作等领域。 本书是在颇受读者好评的《AutoCAD 2010 中文版机械设计基础与实战》第 3 版一书的 基础上改编而成的。修正了原书中一些笔误之处，同时根据大部分院校的教学建议从中剔除 了二次开发方面的知识，另外还针对 AutoCAD 2012 新版本的主要功能进行了深入剖析。全 书针对 AutoCAD 2012 中文版在机械设计中的应用，结者多年的设计经验，将机械制图 理论与现代 CAD 技术相融合，深入浅出地讲解了 AutoCAD 2012 中文版的软件功能、绘图 方法、设计思路和使用技巧。 本书分为绘图基础、机械设计应用和机械零件三维建模 3 个部分，共 11 章。书中包含 了大量的示例和精心编制的思考练习题，能够让读者在实例中轻松地学习，并在学习完一章 内容后能够及时复习和检查，从而巩固所学知识。 第 1～5 章介绍绘图基础，包括 AutoCAD 2012 基础知识、绘制二维图形、编辑修改图 形、标注尺寸等内容，在介绍这些绘图基础知识的同时，讲解了机械制图的规范和特点，突 出了软件功能与机械制图理论的结合应用。 第 6～9 章介绍机械设计应用，以机械设计的应用过程为主线，内容包括工程制图的准 备工作与设置、典型机械零件设计、绘制装配图和轴测图。 第 10～11 章介绍机械零件三维建模，首先介绍三维设计基础，然后以具体的机械零件 三维设计实例来全面深入地讲解三维设计的思路、方法和技巧。 本书配套光盘包含了实例的源文件，以及大量有参考价值的操作视频文件。 本书主要由钟日铭编写，另外参与编写的还有肖秋连、钟观龙、庞祖英、钟日梅、钟春 雄、刘晓云、钰、沈婷、钟周寿、陈引、赵玉华、肖秋引、黄后标、劳国红、黄忠清、 黄观秀、肖志勇、邹思文、黄瑞珍、肖宝玉和肖世鹏。 本书如有疏漏、错误之处，恳请广大设计同仁，教育界人士及读者批评、指正。若有问 题，可以发送电子邮件至 sunsheep79@163，作者会尽快给予解决。另外，也可以通过 用于技术支持的 QQ（617126205）联系并进行技术答疑与交流。 博创设计坊 钟日铭 V 目 录 出版说明 前言 第 1 章 AutoCAD 2012 基础知识······························································································1 1.1 计算机辅助绘图简介·····································································································1 1.2 AutoCAD 2012 的工作空间及其界面···········································································2 1.2.1 标题栏与快速访问工具栏 ··························································································3 1.2.2 菜单栏与应用程序菜单 ·····························································································4 1.2.3 工具栏与功能区 ·······································································································4 1.2.4 状态栏 ·····················································································································5 1.2.5 命令行窗口 ··············································································································5 1.2.6 绘图区域 ·················································································································7 1.2.7 选项板（面板） ·······································································································9 1.3 设置系统绘图环境·········································································································9 1.3.1 显示设置 ··············································································································10 1.3.2 打开和保存设置 ····································································································13 1.3.3 绘图选项设置 ········································································································16 1.3.4 选择集设置 ···········································································································18 1.4 AutoCAD 2012 操作基础 ···························································································22 1.4.1 捕捉和栅格 ···········································································································22 1.4.2 对象捕捉与对象捕捉追踪 ·······················································································24 1.4.3 绝对坐标与相对坐标的使用 ····················································································25 1.4.4 视图缩放 ··············································································································26 1.4.5 视图平移 ··············································································································27 1.4.6 重画和重生成 ········································································································27 1.4.7 动态输入 ··············································································································28 1.4.8 对象选择 ··············································································································30 1.5 本章小结·····················································································································30 1.6 思考与练习 ·················································································································31 第 2 章 绘制二维基本图形·······································································································32 2.1 “绘图”工具栏············································································································32 2.2 绘制二维线 ·················································································································32 2.2.1 直线 ·····················································································································32 2.2.2 构造线 ··················································································································33 2.2.3 射线 ·····················································································································35 2.3 绘制多边形 ·················································································································35 VI 2.3.1 矩形 ·····················································································································35 2.3.2 正多边形 ··············································································································36 2.4 绘制圆·························································································································38 2.4.1 圆心-半径或者圆心-直径 ·······················································································38 2.4.2 两点 ·····················································································································38 2.4.3 三点 ·····················································································································38 2.4.4 相切、相切、半径 ·································································································39 2.4.5 相切、相切、相切 ·································································································39 2.5 绘制圆弧·····················································································································40 2.5.1 三点绘制圆弧 ········································································································40 2.5.2 绘制圆弧的其他方法 ······························································································40 2.6 绘制椭圆及椭圆弧······································································································41 2.6.1 绘制椭圆 ··············································································································41 2.6.2 绘制椭圆弧 ···········································································································42 2.7 绘制点·························································································································44 2.8 绘制多段线 ·················································································································45 2.9 绘制样条曲线··············································································································47 2.9.1 使用拟合点绘制样条曲线 ·······················································································47 2.9.2 使用控制点绘制样条曲线 ·······················································································48 2.10 绘制圆环 ···················································································································49 2.11 绘制多线····················································································································49 2.12 填充图案 ···················································································································51 2.13 面域···························································································································53 2.14 插入文字 ···················································································································54 2.14.1 插入单行文字 ······································································································54 2.14.2 插入多行文字 ······································································································55 2.15 二维图形的常用输入命令及其快捷方式 ································································56 2.16 本章小结 ···················································································································57 2.17 思考与练习 ···············································································································57 第 3 章 编辑修改图形 ··············································································································59 3.1 常见的编辑修改工具··································································································59 3.2 删除对象·····················································································································60 3.3 移动·····························································································································60 3.4 复制·····························································································································63 3.5 旋转·····························································································································63 3.6 缩放·····························································································································64 3.7 镜像·····························································································································65 3.8 阵列·····························································································································66 3.8.1 矩形阵列 ··············································································································66 VII 3.8.2 环形阵列 ··············································································································67 3.8.3 路径阵列 ··············································································································67 3.9 偏移·····························································································································68 3.10 修剪···························································································································69 3.11 延伸 ···························································································································71 3.12 倒角···························································································································71 3.13 倒圆角·······················································································································73 3.14 断开···························································································································73 3.14.1 在一点打断对象 ···································································································73 3.14.2 在两点之间打断对象 ····························································································74 3.15 合并···························································································································74 3.16 拉伸···························································································································75 3.17 分解···························································································································76 3.18 本章小结 ···················································································································76 3.19 思考与练习 ···············································································································76 第 4 章 尺寸标注基础 ··············································································································79 4.1 尺寸标注的基本概念··································································································79 4.1.1 尺寸的组成要素 ····································································································79 4.1.2 尺寸基准 ··············································································································80 4.1.3 尺寸标注的分类 ····································································································80 4.2 尺寸标注的基本规则··································································································80 4.3 尺寸注法说明··············································································································81 4.3.1 线性 ·····················································································································81 4.3.2 角度 ·····················································································································81 4.3.3 圆 ························································································································82 4.3.4 圆弧的半径 ···········································································································82 4.3.5 小尺寸 ··················································································································82 4.3.6 弧长和弦长 ···········································································································83 4.3.7 球面 ·····················································································································83 4.3.8 斜度与锥度 ···········································································································83 4.3.9 正方形结构 ···········································································································84 4.4 AutoCAD 中的尺寸标注 ····························································································84 4.4.1 线性标注 ··············································································································86 4.4.2 对齐标注 ··············································································································88 4.4.3 角度标注 ··············································································································88 4.4.4 基线标注 ··············································································································90 4.4.5 连续标注 ··············································································································91 4.4.6 直径和半径标注 ····································································································92 4.4.7 弧长标注 ··············································································································94 VIII 4.4.8 快速标注 ··············································································································95 4.4.9 引线标注 ··············································································································95 4.5 形位公差的标注··········································································································99 4.6 编辑尺寸标注············································································································102 4.6.1 “DIMEDIT”编辑命令 ·························································································102 4.6.2 “DIMTEDIT”编辑命令 ·······················································································103 4.6.3 “DDEDIT”编辑命令 ···························································································104 4.7 尺寸注法简化············································································································104 4.8 本章小结···················································································································105 4.9 思考与练习 ···············································································································105 第 5 章 AutoCAD 中的实用辅助工具\功能··········································································108 5.1 查询···························································································································108 5.1.1 查询距离 ············································································································109 5.1.2 查询半径\直径 ·····································································································109 5.1.3 查询角度 ············································································································109 5.1.4 查询面积和周长 ···································································································110 5.1.5 查询面域\质量特性 ·······························································································112 5.1.6 查询点坐标 ··········································································································113 5.1.7 列表显示 ·············································································································113 5.1.8 查询时间 ·············································································································114 5.1.9 查询状态 ·············································································································115 5.1.10 设置变量 ············································································································115 5.2 修改图形对象的特性·································································································115 5.3 “快速计算器”选项板·······························································································117 5.4 巧用绘图实用程序·····································································································119 5.4.1 核查 ···················································································································120 5.4.2 修复 ···················································································································120 5.4.3 清理 ···················································································································121 5.5 快速选择与对象选择过滤器····················································································122 5.5.1 快速选择 ············································································································122 5.5.2 对象选择过滤器 ··································································································124 5.6 设计中心···················································································································125 5.6.1 设计中心窗口 ······································································································126 5.6.2 利用设计中心打开图形文件 ··················································································127 5.6.3 利用设计中心添加对象 ························································································128 5.7 符号库·······················································································································129 5.8 工具选项板 ···············································································································130 5.9 打印···························································································································132 5.9.1 打印设置 ············································································································132 IX 5.9.2 打印输出 ············································································································134 5.10 本章小结 ·················································································································135 5.11 思考与练习··············································································································136 第 6 章 工程制图的准备工作与设置·····················································································137 6.1 工程制图概述············································································································137 6.2 设置图层···················································································································138 6.2.1 图层特性 ············································································································138 6.2.2 设置图层 ············································································································141 6.3 设置文字样式············································································································145 6.3.1 字体要求 ············································································································145 6.3.2 定制标准的文字样式 ····························································································146 6.4 设置尺寸标注样式····································································································148 6.5 标准图框的设计········································································································152 6.5.1 标准图框 ············································································································152 6.5.2 绘制标准图框 ······································································································153 6.6 标题栏的设计············································································································155 6.6.1 调用已有标题栏的样板文件 ··················································································156 6.6.2 自定义标题栏 ······································································································157 6.6.3 使用表格创建标题栏 ····························································································162 6.7 明细栏的设计············································································································167 6.8 视图的配置 ···············································································································169 6.9 本章小结···················································································································170 6.10 思考与练习 ·············································································································171 第 7 章 典型机械零件设计·····································································································172 7.1 机械零件的设计方法································································································172 7.2 零件图概述 ···············································································································172 7.2.1 零件图的内容 ······································································································173 7.2.2 确定零件图的表达方案 ························································································173 7.2.3 绘制零件图的基本思路 ························································································174 7.3 轴类零件设计············································································································175 7.3.1 轴类零件的结构设计要点 ·····················································································175 7.3.2 轴类零件的绘制 ··································································································175 7.3.3 尺寸标注的典型示例 ····························································································179 7.3.4 表面粗糙度 ·········································································································181 7.4 齿轮设计···················································································································186 7.4.1 常用齿轮的标准画法 ····························································································186 7.4.2 绘制圆柱齿轮的实例 ····························································································187 7.5 带轮设计···················································································································191 7.6 弹簧设计···················································································································196 X 7.6.1 圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧的参数与其画法 ·······································································196 7.6.2 绘制弹簧的实例 ··································································································198 7.7 花键零件设计············································································································201 7.7.1 花键零件的画法 ··································································································201 7.7.2 花键零件的注法 ··································································································203 7.7.3 花键零件的绘制实例 ····························································································203 7.8 箱体设计···················································································································207 7.9 钣金零件图设计范例·································································································211 7.10 套筒零件设计范例··································································································218 7.11 本章小结··················································································································237 7.12 思考与练习 ·············································································································238 第 8 章 装配图设计 ················································································································240 8.1 装配图概述 ···············································································································240 8.1.1 装配图的组成 ······································································································240 8.1.2 装配图的规定画法 ·······························································································241 8.1.3 装配图的特殊画法 ·······························································································242 8.2 使用 AutoCAD 绘制装配图的几种方式··································································243 8.3 某机器车脚部件的装配图设计实例········································································243 8.3.1 拟定表达方案 ······································································································244 8.3.2 绘制装配视图 ······································································································245 8.3.3 标注尺寸及注写技术要求 ·····················································································246 8.3.4 编排装配图的零件序号及明细栏、标题栏 ·····························································247 8.4 光电产品的外壳装配图设计实例············································································247 8.4.1 绘制零件图 ·········································································································248 8.4.2 使用零件图来绘制成装配图 ··················································································249 8.5 本章小结···················································································································251 8.6 思考与练习 ···············································································································251 第 9 章 绘制零件的轴测图·····································································································252 9.1 轴测图概述 ···············································································································252 9.2 使用 AutoCAD 2012 绘制轴测图基础·····································································253 9.2.1 启用等轴测模式 ··································································································253 9.2.2 切换平面状态 ······································································································254 9.2.3 正等轴测图形的绘制 ····························································································254 9.3 绘制轴测图的实例····································································································254 9.4 标注轴测图尺寸········································································································258 9.5 本章小结···················································································································261 9.6 思考与练习 ···············································································································261 第 10 章 三维设计基础··········································································································262 10.1 三维制图的基本概念······························································································262 XI 10.2 三维制图的基本设置······························································································263 10.2.1 三维坐标系 ·······································································································263 10.2.2 设置视点 ···········································································································265 10.2.3 消隐 ·················································································································267 10.2.4 视觉样式 ···········································································································268 10.2.5 设置显示系统变量 ·····························································································269 10.3 绘制三维线条··········································································································269 10.3.1 三维直线 ···········································································································269 10.3.2 三维样条曲线 ····································································································269 10.3.3 三维多段线 ·······································································································270 10.3.4 螺旋线 ··············································································································271 10.4 绘制网格与曲面······································································································271 10.4.1 旋转网格 ···········································································································272 10.4.2 平移网格 ···········································································································273 10.4.3 直纹网格 ···········································································································274 10.4.4 边界网格 ···········································································································275 10.4.5 三维面 ··············································································································275 10.4.6 预定义的三维网格 ·····························································································277 10.4.7 绘制相关曲面 ····································································································277 10.5 创建基本的三维实体······························································································279 10.5.1 长方体 ··············································································································280 10.5.2 球体 ·················································································································280 10.5.3 圆柱体 ··············································································································281 10.5.4 圆锥体 ··············································································································282 10.5.5 楔体 ·················································································································283 10.5.6 圆环体 ··············································································································283 10.5.7 棱锥体 ··············································································································283 10.6 由二维图形创建实体······························································································284 10.6.1 由二维图形拉伸成实体 ·······················································································284 10.6.2 由二维图形旋转成实体 ·······················································································287 10.6.3 扫掠 ·················································································································288 10.6.4 放样 ·················································································································290 10.7 三维实体的布尔运算······························································································292 10.7.1 并集运算 ···········································································································292 10.7.2 交集运算 ···········································································································293 10.7.3 差集运算 ···········································································································293 10.8 三维操作 ·················································································································294 10.8.1 三维阵列 ···········································································································294 10.8.2 三维镜像 ···········································································································296 XII 10.8.3 三维旋转 ···········································································································297 10.8.4 对齐 ·················································································································298 10.8.5 三维移动 ···········································································································298 10.9 本章小结 ·················································································································299 10.10 思考与练习············································································································299 第 11 章 机械零件的三维建模实例·······················································································301 11.1 目的和要求··············································································································301 11.2 三维建模过程··········································································································301 11.2.1 构建右侧的基本形体 ··························································································302 11.2.2 构建 U 形体 ·······································································································303 11.2.3 构建左侧的扇形实体 ··························································································305 11.2.4 构建左侧圆柱 ····································································································308 11.2.5 旋转出右侧 3 个圆柱叠加实体 ·············································································309 11.2.6 创建长圆柱体 ·····································································································311 11.2.7 组合 ·················································································································312 11.3 剖截面 ·····················································································································313 11.4 指定视觉样式··········································································································314 11.5 渲染零件··················································································································314 11.5.1 设置光线 ···········································································································316 11.5.2 设置渲染材质 ····································································································319 11.6 本章小结··················································································································321 11.7 思考与练习··············································································································321